S 
39.68 4: 
6uL Ys 


* Bulletin No. 45 July 5, 1922. 


~~ 


MM, yrs)? 
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYIVANTA 


DEPARTMENT OF INTERNAL AFFAIRS 
James F, Woodward, Secretary 


BUREAU OF TOPOGRAPHIC AND GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 
George H. Ashley, State Geologist 


WHITE CLAY DEPOSITS IN CENTRAL PENNSYLVANIA 


BY 


E. S. Moore* 


Geological Occurrence. 


Deposits of white clay in central Ponnsylvanic are mostly found 
in the Nittmy Valley and invariably occur in the Upper Cambrian 
sandstone, known as the Gatesburg formetion, 2 name applied by the 
writer to this sandstone because it forms the bulk of Gatesburg Ridge 
in Centre County. The clays are of residual origin, and the fact 
that they are distributed in a linear arrangement, perallel to the 
strike of the Gatesburg rocks, indicates they have been derived from 
the weathering of argillaceous strata in this sandstone formation, 
which in many places contains beds of impure dolomite and of sand- 
stone mixed with clay, On account of this relation between the white 
clay and Cambrian sandstone it is evident there will be no sharp line 
of demarkation between the clay ane the sandstone along the strike, 


but the two rocks will grade into each other. In some‘pits a2 body of 
clay may be dug a few feet froma deposit of very fine, 2lmost pure, 


white sand but this sudden change is more likely to occur across the 
beds than parallel to them. 


The bulk of the clay comes from the borders of abandoned iron 
mines and a great deal of it was taken out in the past, while the 


iron was being worked, It has been found as tenses, seams, and 


irregular masses associated with the limonite ore but as a rule out- 
side the ore body. The clay within the area worked for ore is 
usually stained with iron. There are all gradations from clay 


*Dean of School of Mines, State College, ' 
This report was written in 1918, at the request of R. R. Hice, then 


State Geologist, 


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iw Ria f Wale AY Jig AW 248 AA, eT ip ot \ | ATW a tel Mis raat, ARTA ie a} f Ape Nt 
eo} be yee) } SAYA Aa CAN RATS aa ia f i vealed 
r < ‘i a oi lly we ad re ins i ay Ae SA ater ae aia ee | ijly ‘ \: oy han 
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carrying considerable iron and of no use in the ceramic industries 
through red and pink to pure white clay, just as there are all gra- 
dations between the pure clay and clay high in sand. The association 
of the clay and iron is belicved to be due to the fact that the iron 
hes been carried in solution by underground water and concentrated 
where beds of argillaceous dolomite in the sandstone have weathered 
out, permitting the sandstone to break down and thus create an area 
through which the water very readily circulates. The circuisating 
waters remove the soluble constituents, depositing the iron oxide 
through replacement o: the dolomite, and leaving the insoluble 
argillaceous materials as clay. The tendency would be to carry all 
soluble materials toward the centre of this area, where the cownward 
circulation of the water is good, and to leave the insoluble materials 
around the borders of what in time develops into 2 sort of basin. In 
the basin there will be more resistant masses which will not crumble 
down and these mzy be compsratively free from iron and contain some 
white cley. The waters entering the‘basin are, of course, carried 

‘away by good circulation underground, in some places being directed 
and aided by fractures in the strata. It is probable that faults 
have often directed the course of the circulating waters producing 
these iron and cluy deposits. 


Observations show that the clay occurs as a rule along the flank 
of the ridge or knoll of sandstone and the presence of a deposit is 
often indicated by 2 small depression on the surface. In prospecting 
for cley this fact should be kept in mind, but the depressions caused 
by underground circuletion should not be confused with stream 
channels, which may bear no relation to the strata giving rise to the 
clay. There is no doubt that some transfer of the clay occurs be- 
neath the surface and there is a concentrating process going on in 
these depressions by the underground water, but the extent of the 
movement of the clay particles is very limited, 


Distribution of the clays. 


‘The white clays in the Gatesburg formation are being, or have 
becn, worked at a number of places in Centre, Huntingdon, and Blair 
counties, During the summer of 1918 cley was being shipped from the 
following deposits: the Colonial Clay Company's pit near Furnece 
Road: just east of the Huntingdon-Centre County line; the Dungarvin 
pit at Dungarvin station in Huntingdon County; the Woodbury Clay 

' Company‘s pit near Mines post-office in Blair County. 


Besides these properties which have been shipping, there is a 
deposit about two miles west of Scotia Mines or Bonore in Centre 
County on which considerable work has been done. Drilling was 
carried on all summer (1918) on another property generally known as 
the Patton farm, about two miles cast of Warriors Mark and about one- 
half mile from Dungarvin station. A considerable quantity of cley 
has beer taken from the Pennington ore pits in the pist. 


The accompanying outline map shows the distribution of the Gates- 
burg formation and the location of the clay pits. The writer is in- 
Bebtec to Mr. Charles Butts of the Unitec States Geological Survey 


a ae 


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for the information regarding the distribution of the formation in 
parts of Huntingdon and Blair counties. 


A detailed description of these deposits, which in many respects 
are much alike, will now be given. 


Blair Property. 


This property, controlled by Mr. Frank Blair of Bellefonte, Pa., 
is in Centre County between Benore or Scotian and Stormstowm. It is 
on 2 low ridge of the Gatesburg sandstone. Many years ago a great 
deal of limonite was mined in this vicinity and it is said that 
several thousand tons of clay were removed from this area while the 
iron mines were in operation. About 1915 3 further attempt was made 
to work the clay and 2 derrick was erected for hoisting. A hole was 
dug about 30 feet deep and three years later, in'the spring of 1918, 
a shaft was sunk to 2 depth of 28 feet, in which, it is claimed, el 
feet of nearly white clay was found under reddish clay. 


About 200 feet eastward from this shaft a pit 10 to 12 feet dcep 
shows cream-colored clay ond 50 feet northeast of this pit there is 
another said to be 30 feet deep with abovt 144 feet of clay. There is 
Stijl onothexy pit cbout 50 feet northeast of the one lest mentioned, 
Which shows reddish clay. Near this pit is an old drift from which 
clay was mined many years ago, From this description it is seen that 
these deposits are erranged roughly in a Jine and this is approximate- 
ly parallel to the strike of the enclosing formations. 


All these workings were full of watcrat the time of the 
writer‘s visit sco it was impossible to examine the clay deposits in 
detail, Their situetion along 2 depression has made drainage diffi- 
cult and future operations must include some method of getting rid 
of the water which collects there, either by carrying it into the 
Sandstone formation where it is free from clay and is porous, or by 4 
ditch down the valley. 


The clay is gritty and grades into sand but it can be washed so 
that it is almost entirely free from grit, mda it has good plastic 
properties, The color is a cream-white, grading into a brick red 
where high in iron. Physical tests on this clay made by Dr. H, Ries 
in connection with his work on clays for the United States Geological 
Survey gave the following results: at cone 1(1150°C},. absorption 16.2 
per cent; hardness, not steel hard; color, faint cream-white, and at 
cone 11 (1360°C), absorption 15,7 per cont; hardness, steel hard; 
color, faint cream-white. 


Another specimen from the same deposit gave the following 
results: at’1150°C: porosity, 46.5 per cent; hardness, almost steel 
hard; color, white; at 1350°C: porosity, 36.4 per cent; hardness, 
steel hard; color, cream-white. Under the microscope it shows some 
quartz, but most of the mass is very fine~grained and it apparently 
consists chiefly of kaolinite. These results indicate that the cley 
would be suitable, after washing, for whiteware and paper-maxing. 


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A few grains of rutile, tourmaline, and Zircon my be dis- 
tisiguishec and the presence of these minerals strengthens the evi- 
dence the writer has previously found relating to the source of the 
materials making up the Gatesburg formetion. The evidence indicates 
that the quartz and clay have been derived from the metamorphic rocks 
of the pre-Cambrian lands exposed to wenthering when these rocks were 
being laid down. In the burned clay the quartz grains show evidence 
of corrosion, but these grains as well as the zircon, are distinct 
and unfused. The matrix shows slight interference colors. 


Colonial Clay Company's Property. 


This is often spoken of as the Gates property because it is 
being operated by Mr. T. J. Gates of Tyrone. It 1s in Centre County 
just northeast of the boundary between Huntingdon and Centre and 
about one mile north-northeast from Furnace Road, a station on the 
Tyrone-Scotia branch of the Pennsylvanic Railroad, The clay pits are 
associatca with and some are in the abandoned iron ore workings, 


The clay on this property, like that in other parts of the 
Nittany Valley, forms very irregular deposits in the Gatesburg sand- 
stone, which makes a bro2zd low ridge in this locality. These deposits 
are in a depression lying along the flank of a minor ridge on the 
main sandstone mss. Small hollows in the main depression often 
indicate the presence of clay beneath the surface, Their linea 
arrangement suggests that they are a residual deposit from the 
weathering of certain strata in the sandstone formation. 


In 1918 operations were being carried on in 2 large pit and a 
face of nearly white clay 20 feet high was exposed. The clay extends 
from the soil on top to the bottom of the pit. The white clay grades 
into red clay high in iron on one hand and into white sand on the 
other, end all intermediate gradations msy be seen. Care has not 
always been taken to prevent caving of the overburden and as a result 
much soil and sand have become mixed with the white clay in some 
perts of the pit. This is an important deposit and probably further 
prosfecting will show other bodies of white clay in the vicinity. 


The clay is hauled in‘wagons to 2 railroad siding 2veut three- 
quarters of a mile distant, and the quantity shipped is stated as 
four to seven cars a week, depending upon the labor supply. 


Physical tests made on a sample of the nearly white to cream 
clay by Dr. Ries showed that it possesses the following properties: 
at cone 1 (1150°C), absorption, 28.90 per cent; hardness, steel hard; 
color, very faint cream-white. The plasticity is good but the clay 
is gritty and would be improved by washing. The more sandy portions 
of this deposit are said to be used in iron foundries for moulding 
and some of the clay is shipred to potteries for manufacture of: 
saggers, ‘The white clay would make good paper clay when washed, as 
the color, plasticity and separation of the grit are good. 


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Patton. Prorerty. 


This property is about two miles east of Warriors Mark in Hunt- 
ingdon County. Formerly some iron was mined here and considerable 
sand has been shipped from this property by a tramway connecting with 
the Scotia or Fairbrook branch of the Pennsylvania Railrond, There 
is an 01d pit from which several tons of good paper clay are said to 
have been dug some years 2g0, 


During the summer of 1918 the West Virginia Pulp and Paper 
Company has been investigating the property with 2 view to obtaining 
white paper clays for their mills at Tyrone and elsewhere; Tke writer 
igs indebted to Mr, S.A. Okell, chemist with this company, for his 
kindness in furnishing information regarding their work, Many noles 
have been sunk by driving pipes, 2 gasoline engine being used for 
power, 

The clay occurs in the weathered portion of the Gatesburg forma- 
tion along the northeast side of 2 ridge of the Warrior limestone and 
dolomite and probably in the, vicinity of e fiult. As in other areas 
tke clay’ is found in the lower spots ané there is little uso in «riil- 
ing onthe hiegker land. The Grill holes rangeé from 50 to 75 fect 
deep and the materials commonly encountered were sod and white or 
yellow clay. The surface material above the clay or sand is 5 to J” 

' feet deep and the white clay is 15 to 40 fect below the surrace - The 
thickest body of white clay penetrated was about 33 feat, at a depth 
of 20 feet. The drilling indicated that the deposits sre very 
irregular in form and of quite limited horizontal extent, The clay 
is in pockets and although 2 drill hole may pass through 2 thick body’ 
at one point, snother hole but a few feet. away may miss it altogether, 
as it grades into impure clay or seand,. 


Most of the cley is sandy. It may carry 30 to 40 per cent of 
free silica but it can be readily washed and a good separation ob- 
tained, Physical tests reported by Dr. Reis for 2 good sample gave 
the following results: at cone 1 (1150°C), absorption, 26.2 per cent; 
hardness, steel hard; color, white; at cone 11 (1360°C) absorption 
20,8 per cent; hardness, steel hard; color, faint cream-white. It 
is fairly plastic, 


Deposits at Dungarvin Station. 


Clay is being mined in considerable quantities close to the 
station of Dungarvin on the Scotia branch of the Pennsylvania Rail- 
road, and just over a ridge of Gatesburg sandstone to the south fron 
the Patton property, on the border of 2 large pit known as the Dun- 
garvin iron mine. This property is controlled by Joseph D. Taropp, 
who hes leased portions of it to others who are carrying on the work, 
Messrs, P, D. Deeters and Hs F. Harpster of Warriors Mark are mining 
an extremely tough, plastic, pinkish clay, which would appear to 9e 
suitable for saggers and similar ware, 


On the edge of the same pit where Deeters and Harpster are WOR ES 
ing, Mr. William L, Likens, also of Warriors Mark, is mining © cream 
to white ciey, Some of this clay is very gritty ond it graces into 


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& pure fine sand. 


Both these deposits are very irregular in owtline end the appear- 
ance of a working face may change rapidly from dey to day. They are 
close to the surface. The white clay seems to be very similar in 
physical properties to the cl2ys described shove. 


There are traces of clay in the Gatesburg sandstone in several 
places near Dungarvin and a thin seam gimilar to the clay on the 
Patton property may be seen in & sand bank which is being operated 
close to the railroed about two-thirds of 2 mile northwest from 
Dungarvin, 


Woodbury Clay Company's Pit. 


The Woodbury Clay Company is digging clay with steam shovels in 
old iron ore pit sbout one mile from Mines, or Oreminea, and six 
“aes from.Willismsburg, Blair County. This pit:is about 900 feet 
slong and in plsces nearly 40 feet deep. It lies in the Gatesburg 
‘pandstone and the cley deposits are very similar to those already 
described, The clay is irregular in color and distribution, being in 
Some ‘places nearly pure white, or cream-colored, and in others a dirty 
- gray, but weathering Whites It grenades into sand and may he seen fill- 
aingcracks snd pores in'the weathered, sandstone , indicating thet it 
BBS been derived from the we eathe ring or an ¢ argillaceous sandstone, 


From this deposit about four carloads per day were being shipped 
in the’summer of 1918. It is suitable for making paper, saggers, and 
white ware, 


Possibility of discovering other deposits. 


The typical 2ssociestion of white clay with the Gatesburg sand- 
stone in central Pennsylvania suggests the good rrespect of discover- 
ing demesits of clay in the wooded areas underlain by this formation. 
Aithough the white clay is usually associated with limonite ores, and 
most of it has doubtless been Giscoverec in working the iron which ha, 
been mined so extensively in this section in previous years, the 
writer believes that chances of finding other clay-bearing areas are 
good.: This sandstone should not be confused with the Oriskany sand- 
stone, which is much later geologicaliy than the Gatesburg but which 
also contains iron ore and clay in some localities, Near Shirleys- 
burg the Oriskany formation carries a good deposit of clay in its 
upper strata and in some other places clay occurs within the forma- 
tion at its base, The Oriskany sandstone is widely used in this 
State for the manufacture of glass sand but the Gatesburg is not 
Suitable for that purpose. 


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Milesburg 
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“Gate sbur 3 
{ Furnace Road 


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Looation of white clay deposits in Gatesburg formation, 
in central Pennsylvania. 


——— 


ms 


